Mitochondrial Peptides
MOTS-c, SS-31 (elamipretide), humanin and other mitochondria-targeted or mitochondria-derived peptides.
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SLU-PP-332 (not a peptide): benefits, evidence and legal status
SLU-PP-332 is a synthetic small molecule, not a peptide: a non-peptide acyl hydrazone (C18H14N2O2) that switches on the estrogen-related receptors ERRα, ERRβ and ERRγ, studied as an “exercise mimetic”. Its…
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5-Amino-1MQ (NNMT inhibitor): mouse studies, unknown safety and legal status
5-amino-1MQ (5-amino-1-methylquinolinium) is a small synthetic molecule, not a peptide, that blocks the enzyme nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT); its strongest evidence so far comes from studies in mice. It is not…
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SS-31 (elamipretide): benefits, evidence and legal status
SS-31 (elamipretide) is a synthetic four-amino-acid peptide that binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane; the FDA granted it accelerated approval as Forzinity on September 19, 2025, for Barth syndrome…
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MOTS-c (mitochondrial peptide): mouse studies, FDA review and WADA ban
MOTS-c (mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA type-c) is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded in mitochondrial DNA. It has been studied mainly in mice for metabolism and exercise. It…